• Jason C Chen, Lalita Subramanian, Ted A Skolarus, Sarah T Hawley, Aaron Rankin, Michael D Fetters, Karla Witzke, Tudor Borza, and Archana Radhakrishnan.
• Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jasonchn@med.umich.edu.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Jan 27.

BackgroundActive surveillance (AS) is the guideline-recommended treatment for low-risk prostate cancer and involves routine provider visits, lab tests, imaging, and prostate biopsies. Despite good uptake, adherence to AS, in terms of receiving recommended follow-up testing and remaining on AS in the absence of evidence of cancer progression, remains challenging.ObjectiveWe sought to better understand urologist, primary care providers (PCPs), and patient experiences with AS care delivery to identify opportunities to improve adherence.DesignA qualitative study involving patients, PCPs, and urologists with experience of AS.ParticipantsPCPs (19), urologists (15), and patients (15) in Michigan.ApproachParticipants were recruited through a statewide quality improvement collaborative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually from June 2020 to April 2021. The Theoretical Domains Framework and the Behavior Change Wheel's Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation model guided interviews and coding. Thematic analysis was used to identify shared perspectives on AS care delivery.ResultsThree main themes emerged from the PCP, urologist, and patient data collected related to AS care delivery that were needed to improve AS adherence: (1) building patient confidence in AS by leveraging provider roles and expertise and creating connection through communication across the care team and with patients; (2) building confidence in AS through psychosocial support by involving families and peers, and addressing anxiety and uncertainty; (3) building AS support within healthcare processes and electronic health record systems.ConclusionThese themes reflect opportunities for interventions at the care team, community (family and peers), and health system levels that could better support individualized care and overcome challenges to AS adherence through team-based approaches.© 2025. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.

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