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- Yogarabindranath Swarna Nantha, Ker-Rou Chung, Hans Willard Nelson Suresh, Venus Kai Ing Heng, Christina Gertrude Yap, Hui Lynn Tan, Chong Jie Lau, Kai Jun Soh, Rujul Suresh Babu, and Jia Xin Lim.
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Fam Pract. 2025 Jan 17; 42 (1).
BackgroundThe optimal control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is defined by the innate mastery of self-management behaviours. This study is designed to condense the lived experiences of people with T2D in relation to factors 'exterior' to themselves into a universal self-management inventory (Assessment of Self-Management Questionnaire in Diabetes Mellitus-External Reality; ASQ-DM-EX).MethodsWe collected responses to an online and physical survey from people living with T2D through a quantitative cross-sectional study. First, we tested the contextual validity and cultural preciseness of ASQ-DM-EX prototype through a preliminary pilot testing phase. These processes culminated in the development of a 91-item version of the questionnaire which was disseminated widely to evaluate the predictive strength of the ASQ-DM-EX.ResultsAll constructs within ASQ-DM-EX showed internal consistencies within good to excellent range (Cronbach's ⍺ = 0.70-0.94), except for the Influence construct (Cronbach's ⍺ = 0.33). An increase in ASQ-DM-EX scores was associated with a reduction in HbA1c control (r = -0.17, P < 0.05). The ASQ-DM-EX model had excellent goodness-of-fit [root mean square error of approximation < 0.01; comparative fit index = 1.00; Tucker-Lewis index = 1.00].ConclusionThe ASQ-DM-EX is a novel and holistic inventory that broadens the scope of diabetes assessment absent from contemporary self-management tools.© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.
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