• Kari A Stephens, Constance van Eeghen, Zihan Zheng, Tracy Anastas, Kris Pui Kwan Ma, Maria G Prado, Jessica Clifton, Gail Rose, Daniel Mullin, Kwun C G Chan, and Rodger Kessler.
• Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington kstephen@uw.edu.
• Ann Fam Med. 2025 Jan 27; 23 (1): 354335-43.

PurposeWe performed a pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial of a comprehensive practice-level, multistage practice transformation intervention aiming to increase behavioral health integration in primary care practices and improve patient outcomes. We examined associations between completion of intervention stages and patient outcomes across a heterogeneous national sample of primary care practices.MethodsForty-two primary care practices across the United States with colocated behavioral health and 2,945 patients with multiple chronic medical and behavioral health conditions completed surveys at baseline, midpoint, and 2-year follow-up. We examined effects of intervention on patient health and primary care integration outcomes using multilevel mixed-effects models, controlling for baseline outcome measurements.ResultsNo differences were found associated with the number of intervention stages completed and patient health outcomes including depression, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain, pain interference, social participation, and physical function. However, the completion of each intervention stage was associated with increases in Practice Integration Profile domain scores and confirmed with modeling using multiple imputation for the following: workflow 3.5 (95% CI, 0.9 to 6.1), integration methods 4.6 (95% CI, 1.5 to 7.6), patient identification 2.9 (95% CI, 0.9 to 5.0), and total integration 2.7 (95% CI, 0.7 to 4.7).ConclusionA practice-centric flexible practice transformation intervention improved integration of behavioral health in primary care across heterogeneous primary care practices treating patients with multiple chronic conditions when accounting for completion of intervention stages. Interventions that allow practices to flexibly improve care have the potential to help complex patient populations. Future research is needed to determine how to best target patient health outcomes at the population level.© 2025 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

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