• Carlos G S Cardoso, André A Salgado, Fábio A O Fernandes, and Ricardo J Alves de Sousa.
• Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LASI-Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal.
• Injury. 2025 Jan 30; 56 (3): 112164112164.

AbstractTraumatic brain injury remains a significant concern in public health, affecting millions of individuals globally and leading to long-term cognitive and physical impairments. Historically, research in this field has primarily focused on male subjects, often neglecting to consider the substantial biomechanical and anatomical differences between genders and individuals of varying ages. The present study investigates sex-specific biomechanical responses to head impacts in real-world accidents, employing an advanced female finite element head model, with a particular focus on critical brain structures such as the corpus callosum and pituitary gland. Two real-world accident scenarios were simulated: a non-fatal e-scooter collision and a fatal work-related incident involving a falling prop. A finite element analysis was conducted to determine the strain and stress distributions within the brain in response to impact conditions, assessing the potential for injury considering established failure criteria. The analysis revealed notable discrepancies in strain and stress distributions between anthropometric models. The smallest percentiles exhibited a higher risk of strain-related injury, while larger individuals demonstrated higher strain levels in key brain regions under similar impact conditions. Additionally, it was evaluated the efficacy of a safety helmet in a work-related scenario. These findings highlight the importance of subject-specific analyses in understanding TBIs and emphasise the need for continued refinement of FEHMs to improve the accuracy of injury prediction.Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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