• Jean-Francois Timsit, Christophe Clec'h, Pieter Depuydt, Johan Decruyenaere, Maarten Bekaert, Stijn Vansteelandt, Aurélien Vésin, and Outcomerea Study Group.
• Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. maarten.bekaert@ugent.be
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.. 2011 Nov 15;184(10):1133-9.

RationaleMeasuring the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is challenging and prone to different forms of bias. Studies addressing this issue have produced variable and controversial results.ObjectivesWe estimate the attributable mortality of VAP in a large multicenter cohort using statistical methods from the field of causal inference.MethodsPatients (n = 4,479) from the longitudinal prospective (1997-2008) French multicenter Outcomerea database were included if they stayed in the intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 2 days and received mechanical ventilation (MV) within 48 hours after ICU admission. A competing risk survival analysis, treating ICU discharge as a competing risk for ICU mortality, was conducted using a marginal structural modeling approach to adjust for time-varying confounding by disease severity.Measurements And Main ResultsSix hundred eighty-five (15.3%) patients acquired at least one episode of VAP. We estimated that 4.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.6-7.0%) of the deaths in the ICU on Day 30 and 5.9% (95% confidence interval, 2.5-9.1%) on Day 60 are attributable to VAP. With an observed ICU mortality of 23.3% on Day 30 and 25.6% on Day 60, this corresponds to an ICU mortality attributable to VAP of about 1% on Day 30 and 1.5% on Day 60.ConclusionsOur study on the attributable mortality of VAP is the first that simultaneously accounts for the time of acquiring VAP, informative loss to follow-up after ICU discharge, and the existence of complex feedback relations between VAP and the evolution of disease severity. In contrast to the majority of previous reports, we detected a relatively limited attributable ICU mortality of VAP.

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