• Matthew D Jankowich and Sharon I S Rounds.
• Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence VA Medical Center, Office 158L, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02908, USA. Matthew_jankowich@brown.edu
• Chest. 2012 Jan 1;141(1):222-31.

AbstractThere is increasing clinical, radiologic, and pathologic recognition of the coexistence of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis in the same patient, resulting in a clinical syndrome known as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) that is characterized by dyspnea, upper-lobe emphysema, lower-lobe fibrosis, and abnormalities of gas exchange. This syndrome frequently is complicated by pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, and lung cancer. The CPFE syndrome typically occurs in male smokers, and the mortality associated with this condition, especially if pulmonary hypertension is present, is significant. In this review, we explore the current state of the literature and discuss etiologic factors and clinical characteristics of the CPFE syndrome.

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