• Toshiharu Azma, Kazumi Kawai, Hideki Tamura, Kuniko Okada, and Motoichi Okida.
• Department of Anesthesia, Hiroshima Red Cross & Atomic Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan. azmacci@nifty.com
• Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 2004 Mar 1;53(1):13-6.

AbstractPropofol is one of the most frequently applied intravenous anesthetics for the induction of general anesthesia. However, pain on injection of this agent is a considerable problem in daily anesthesia practice because of its severity. Administration of lidocaine prior to propofol injection is a standard technique for reducing the pain on injection. However, this method provides insufficient pain relief. To evaluate whether pretreatment with an ultra-short acting barbiturate, thiopental, is more effective than with lidocaine, a randomized and single-blinded trial was conducted. Patients (20-65 years old, n = 137) were allocated into six groups, and applied with physiological saline, thiopental (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg), or lidocaine (40 mg) at 30 second prior to propofol injection (1 mg/kg, 1200 ml/h). The patient was interviewed about the degree of pain just after propofol was totally injected. Both thiopental (> or =25 mg) and lidocaine decreased the severity of pain in comparison with physiological saline as evaluated by a six-graded pain score. Lidocaine failed to influence the incidence of pain (from 86% to 55%), although thiopental significantly decreased it to 40% (25 mg), 21% (50 mg), 12% (50 mg), and 0% (100 mg), respectively. Thiopental (> or =50 mg) decreased both the severity and incidence of pain more effectively than lidocaine. A Hill plot analysis of these data, after rearrangement by patient's body weight, estimated that the half-effective dose (ED50) and the ED99 of this drug to block pain on injection of propofol were 0.6 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively.

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