• Andrew L Rosenberg, Marc Moss, Ellen L Burnham, Robert C Hyzy, Victor J Thannickal, Theodore J Standiford, Ronald E Dechert, and Robert Paine.
• Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Robert.paine@hsc.utah.edu
• Crit. Care Med.. 2012 Jan 1;40(1):90-7.

RationaleDespite recent advances in critical care and ventilator management, acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor may be beneficial for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.ObjectivesTo determine whether intravenous infusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor would improve clinical outcomes for patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.DesignA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor vs. placebo. The primary outcome was days alive and breathing without mechanical ventilatory support within the first 28 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included mortality and organ failure-free days.SettingMedical and surgical intensive care units at three academic medical centers.PatientsOne hundred thirty individuals with acute lung injury of at least 3 days duration were enrolled, out of a planned cohort of 200 subjects.InterventionsPatients were randomized to receive human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (64 subjects, 250 μg/M) or placebo (66 subjects) by intravenous infusion daily for 14 days. Patients received mechanical ventilation using a lung-protective protocol.Measurements And Main ResultsThere was no difference in ventilator-free days between groups (10.7 ± 10.3 days placebo vs. 10.8 ± 10.5 days granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, p = .82). Differences in 28-day mortality (23% in placebo vs. 17% in patients receiving granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (p = .31) and organ failure-free days (12.8 ± 11.3 days placebo vs. 15.7 ± 11.9 days granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, p = .16) were not statistically significant. There were similar numbers of serious adverse events in each group.ConclusionsIn a randomized phase II trial, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor treatment did not increase the number of ventilator-free days in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. A larger trial would be required to determine whether treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor might alter important clinical outcomes, such as mortality or multiorgan failure. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00201409 [ClinicalTrials.gov]).

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