• Scott M Palmer, Ajit P Limaye, Missy Banks, Dianne Gallup, Jeffrey Chapman, E Clinton Lawrence, Jordan Dunitz, Aaron Milstone, John Reynolds, Gordon L Yung, Kevin M Chan, Robert Aris, Edward Garrity, Vincent Valentine, Jonathan McCall, Shein-Chung Chow, Robert Duane Davis, and Robin Avery.
• Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2010 Jun 15;152(12):761-9.

BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most prevalent opportunistic infection after lung transplantation. Current strategies do not prevent CMV in most at-risk patients.ObjectiveTo determine whether extending prophylaxis with oral valganciclovir from the standard 3 months to 12 months after lung transplantation is efficacious.DesignRandomized, clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned by a central automated system to treatment or placebo. Patients and investigators were blinded to treatment status. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00227370)SettingMulticenter trial involving 11 U.S. lung transplant centers.Patients136 lung transplant recipients who completed 3 months of valganciclovir prophylaxis.Intervention9 additional months of oral valganciclovir (n = 70) or placebo (n = 66).MeasurementsThe primary end point was freedom from CMV disease (syndrome or tissue-invasive) on an intention-to-treat basis 300 days after randomization. Secondary end points were CMV disease severity, CMV infection, acute rejection, opportunistic infections, ganciclovir resistance, and safety.ResultsCMV disease occurred in 32% of the short-course group versus 4% of the extended-course group (P < 0.001). Significant reductions were observed with CMV infection (64% vs. 10%; P < 0.001) and disease severity (110 000 vs. 3200 copies/mL, P = 0.009) with extended treatment. Rates of acute rejection, opportunistic infections, adverse events, CMV UL97 ganciclovir-resistance mutations, and laboratory abnormalities were similar between groups. During the 6 months after study completion, a low incidence of CMV disease was observed in both groups.LimitationLonger-term effects of extended prophylaxis were not assessed.ConclusionIn adult lung transplant recipients who have received 3 months of valganciclovir, extending prophylaxis by an additional 9 months significantly reduces CMV infection, disease, and disease severity without increased ganciclovir resistance or toxicity. A beneficial effect with regard to prevention of CMV disease seems to extend at least through 18 months after transplantation.

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