• Alessandro Fiocchi, Alessia Claps, Lamia Dahdah, Giulia Brindisi, Carlo Dionisi-Vici, and Alberto Martelli.
• aDivision of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City bUnit of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City cUnit of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City dPediatric Division, Santa Corona Hospital, Garbagnate, Milan, Italy.
• Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jun 1;14(3):246-54.

Purpose Of ReviewTo assess all the possible differential diagnosis of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), both in acute and chronic presentation, reviewing the data reported in published studies.Recent FindingsThere is an increase of reported cases of FPIES in recent years. As the disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, it can be misunderstood in many ways. The differential diagnosis includes, in acute presentations, the following: sepsis, other infectious diseases, acute gastrointestinal episodes, surgical emergencies, food allergies. In its chronic forms, FPIES may mimic malabsorption syndromes, metabolic disorders, primary immunodeficiencies, neurological conditions, coagulation defects, and other types of non-IgE-mediated food allergy.SummaryA thorough clinical evaluation, including symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, is necessary to lead the clinicians toward the diagnosis of FPIES. The major reason for delayed diagnosis appears to be the lack of knowledge of the disease.

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