• Nicholas S Abend, David Bearden, Ingo Helbig, Jennifer McGuire, Sona Narula, Jessica A Panzer, Alexis Topjian, and Dennis J Dlugos.
• Department of Neurology, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: abend@email.chop.edu.
• Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Dec 1;21(4):263-74.

AbstractStatus epilepticus (SE) describes persistent or recurring seizures without a return to baseline mental status and is a common neurologic emergency. SE can occur in the context of epilepsy or may be symptomatic of a wide range of underlying etiologies. The clinician's aim is to rapidly institute care that simultaneously stabilizes the patient medically, identifies and manages any precipitant conditions, and terminates seizures. Seizure management involves "emergent" treatment with benzodiazepines followed by "urgent" therapy with other antiseizure medications. If seizures persist, then refractory SE is diagnosed and management options include additional antiseizure medications or infusions of midazolam or pentobarbital. This article reviews the management of pediatric SE and refractory SE.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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