• Michael C Reade, Glenn M Eastwood, Rinaldo Bellomo, Michael Bailey, Andrew Bersten, Benjamin Cheung, Andrew Davies, Anthony Delaney, Angaj Ghosh, Frank van Haren, Nerina Harley, David Knight, Shay McGuiness, John Mulder, Steve O'Donoghue, Nicholas Simpson, Paul Young, DahLIA Investigators, and Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group.
• Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland and Joint Health Command, Australian Defence Force, Brisbane, Australia.
• JAMA. 2016 Apr 12; 315 (14): 1460-8.

ImportanceEffective therapy has not been established for patients with agitated delirium receiving mechanical ventilation.ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine when added to standard care in patients with agitated delirium receiving mechanical ventilation.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsThe Dexmedetomidine to Lessen ICU Agitation (DahLIA) study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial involving 74 adult patients in whom extubation was considered inappropriate because of the severity of agitation and delirium. The study was conducted at 15 intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand from May 2011 until December 2013. Patients with advanced dementia or traumatic brain injury were excluded.InterventionsBedside nursing staff administered dexmedetomidine (or placebo) initially at a rate of 0.5 µg/kg/h and then titrated to rates between 0 and 1.5 µg/kg/h to achieve physician-prescribed sedation goals. The study drug or placebo was continued until no longer required or up to 7 days. All other care was at the discretion of the treating physician.Main Outcomes And MeasuresVentilator-free hours in the 7 days following randomization. There were 21 reported secondary outcomes that were defined a priori.ResultsOf the 74 randomized patients (median age, 57 years; 18 [24%] women), 2 withdrew consent later and 1 was found to have been randomized incorrectly, leaving 39 patients in the dexmedetomidine group and 32 patients in the placebo group for analysis. Dexmedetomidine increased ventilator-free hours at 7 days compared with placebo (median, 144.8 hours vs 127.5 hours, respectively; median difference between groups, 17.0 hours [95% CI, 4.0 to 33.2 hours]; P = .01). Among the 21 a priori secondary outcomes, none were significantly worse with dexmedetomidine, and several showed statistically significant benefit, including reduced time to extubation (median, 21.9 hours vs 44.3 hours with placebo; median difference between groups, 19.5 hours [95% CI, 5.3 to 31.1 hours]; P < .001) and accelerated resolution of delirium (median, 23.3 hours vs 40.0 hours; median difference between groups, 16.0 hours [95% CI, 3.0 to 28.0 hours]; P = .01). Using hierarchical Cox modeling to adjust for imbalanced baseline characteristics, allocation to dexmedetomidine was significantly associated with earlier extubation (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.27-0.82]; P = .007).Conclusions And RelevanceAmong patients with agitated delirium receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit, the addition of dexmedetomidine to standard care compared with standard care alone (placebo) resulted in more ventilator-free hours at 7 days. The findings support the use of dexmedetomidine in patients such as these.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01151865.

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