• Finn L S Coulter, Jacqueline A Hannam, and Brian J Anderson.
• From the *Emergency Department, Auckland City Hospital; and †Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
• Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014 Sep 1; 30 (9): 621-30.

BackgroundPropofol mixed with racemic ketamine (or "ketofol") is popular for short procedural sedation and analgesia, yet the optimal combination is unknown. We aimed to determine a ketofol dosing regimen for short procedural sedation and analgesia of 5- to 20-minute duration in healthy patients (2-20 y).MethodsPharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters were used to simulate drug concentration and effect profiles over time for different ketamine-to-propofol ratios (1:1-1:10). The target effect was a Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Sedation Scale score of less than 2. Combined effects were additive, with a propofol EC50 of 1.54 μg/mL (concentration required to produce hypnosis in 50% of patients), a ketamine EC50 of 0.44 μg/mL, and a slope of 5.3. Emergence threshold concentrations for propofol were 2.0 μg/mL in children and 1.8 μg/mL in adults as well as 0.5 μg/mL for ketamine (children and adults). The EC50 for propofol antiemesis was 0.343 μg/mL.ResultsA ketamine-to-propofol ratio of 1:3 was the best combination for intermittent dosing, achieving a rapid onset of a Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Sedation Scale score of less than 2 within 1 minute and a time to emergence of 9 to 19 minutes in all ages after a 10-minute sedation. The optimal ketofol dosing in children (2-11 y) was 0.1 mL/kg initially followed by 0.05 mL/kg at 2 minutes and then 0.025 mL/kg for the subsequent doses. The adults (12-20 y) received 0.05 mL/kg of ketofol initially followed by 0.025 mL/kg for the subsequent doses. These regimens maintain a propofol antiemesis for 30 to 40 minutes after the last dose.ConclusionsWe suggest an optimal ratio of racemic ketamine to propofol of 1:3 for boluses during short procedures (5-20 minutes). A short ketofol infusion, ratio 1:4, is a suitable alternative to intermittent boluses. Ratios greater than 1:3 result in delayed recovery after 20 minutes.

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