• Jens-Ulrik S Jensen, Lars Hein, Bettina Lundgren, Morten H Bestle, Thomas Mohr, Mads H Andersen, Jesper Løken, Hamid Tousi, Peter Søe-Jensen, Anne Ø Lauritsen, Ditte Strange, John A Petersen, Katrin Thormar, Kim M Larsen, Niels-Erik Drenck, Jannik Helweg-Larsen, Maria E Johansen, Kristian Reinholdt, Jens K Møller, Bente Olesen, Maiken C Arendrup, Christian Østergaard, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri, Jesper Grarup, Jens D Lundgren, and Procalcitonin and Survival Study Group.
• 1CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet - and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. 3Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark. 4Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark. 5Diagnostic Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark. 7Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark. 8Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. 9Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark. 10Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 11Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark. 12Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vejle Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark. 13Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark. 14Mycology Unit, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. 15Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark. 16Royal Free University College, London, United Kingdom.
• Crit. Care Med.. 2015 Mar 1;43(3):594-602.

ObjectiveUse of antibiotics in critically ill patients may increase the risk of invasive Candida infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether increased exposure to antibiotics is associated with increased prevalence of invasive Candida infection.DesignSubstudy using data from a randomized controlled trial, the Procalcitonin And Survival Study 2006-2010.SettingNine multidisciplinary ICUs across Denmark.PatientsA total of 1,200 critically ill patients.InterventionPatients were randomly allocated to either a "high exposure" antibiotic therapy (intervention arm, n = 604) or a "standard exposure" guided by current guidelines (n = 596).Measurements And Main ResultsSeventy-four patients met the endpoint, "invasive Candida infection," 40 in the high exposure arm and 34 in standard exposure arm (relative risk = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7-1.8; p = 0.52). Among medical patients in the high exposure arm, the use of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam was 51% and 75% higher than in the standard exposure arm; no difference in antibiotic exposure was observed between the randomized arms in surgical patients. Among medical intensive care patients, invasive Candida infection was more frequent in the high exposure arm (6.2%; 27/437) than in standard exposure arm (3.3%; 14/424) (hazard ratio = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.6; p = 0.05). Ciprofloxacin used at study entry independently predicted invasive Candida infection (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.1 [1.1-4.1]); the risk gradually increased with duration of ciprofloxacin therapy: six of 384 in patients not exposed (1.6%), eight of 212 (3.8%) when used for 1-2 days (hazard ratio = 2.5; 95% CI, 0.9-7.3), and 31 of 493 (6.3%) when used for 3 days (hazard ratio = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.6-9.3; p = 0.002). Patients with any ciprofloxacin-containing antibiotic regimen the first 3 days in the trial had a higher risk of invasive Candida infection than did patients on any antibiotic regimen not containing ciprofloxacin (unadjusted hazard ratio = 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6-8.7; p = 0.003; adjusted hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4-8.0; p = 0.006).ConclusionsHigh exposure to antibiotics is associated to increased risk of invasive Candida infection in medical intensive care patients. Patients with ciprofloxacin-containing regimens had higher risk of invasive Candida infection. Other antibiotics, such as meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, and cefuroxime, were not associated with such a risk.

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