• Sebastiano Mercadante, Marzia Lazzari, Carlo Reale, Arturo Cuomo, Flavio Fusco, Paolo Marchetti, Rocco D Mediati, Bruno Chiurazzi, Libero Ciuffedra, Augusto Caraceni, Vincenzo Iaffaioli, Massimo Luzzani, Giuseppe Micheletto, Alfonso Papa, William Raffaeli, Alessandro Valle, Michele Caruso, Francesco Di Costanzo, Gianpaolo Pinato, Filippo Nardi, Sandro Barni, Silvia Natoli, Massimo Mammucari, Alessandro F Sabato, Mario Dauri, and IOPS Study Group.
• *Anesthesia and Intensive Care & Pain Relief and Supportive Care, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo †Emergency Care, Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine and Anesthesiology Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome ‡Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy Department, Umberto I Hospital ¶Molecular and Clinical Medicine Medical Oncology, La Sapienza University of Rome #IDI-IRCCS ‡‡‡‡Primary Care, ASL RM F, Rome §Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy Department ¶Abdominal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Foundation Pascale ††Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N "A. Cardarelli" Hospital †††Pain Relief, A.O. Dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Naples ∥Palliative Care ASL3, Genoa ##Palliative Care, Gerontology and Physical Education Department, E.O. Galliera Hospitals, Genoa **Pain Relief, Palliative Care, Oncology Department, Careggi Hospital, Florence ‡‡Hematology Oncology Center Subalpine (COES), A.O. City Health and Science, Molinette §§§Palliative Care, FARO Foundation, Turin §§IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute of Milan, Milan ***Palliative Care, Pain Relief, ASL 13 Mirano Veneto Region ‡‡‡Palliative Care, Pain Relief, Infermi Hospital, Rimini ∥∥∥Medical Oncology, Humanitas Oncology Center of Catania, Catania ¶¶¶Medical Oncology 1, Careggi Hospital, Florence ###Pain Relief, IRCCS Veneto Oncological Institute, Padua ****Pain Relief, Palliative Care, AV3 Macerata Hospital, Macerata ††††Medical Oncology A.O. Treviglio, Bergamo, Italy ∥∥European Palliative Care Research Center, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
• Clin J Pain. 2015 Mar 1;31(3):214-21.

ObjectiveA survey of breakthrough pain (BTP) was performed in five palliative care units (PCU), seven oncology departments (ONC), and nine pain clinics (OPC).MethodsA standard algorithm was used to confirm the diagnosis of BTP of patients refereed to different settings.Results1,412 evaluable cancer patients were enrolled. 53.9% were males and the mean age was 63.7±13.1 years. The mean intensity of background pain was 2.8±0.73. Patients reported 2.4±1.1 BTP episodes/day with a mean intensity of 7.37±1.28. 80.6% patients reported that the BTP had a significant negative impact in everyday life. The majority of patients reported a fast onset of BTP, which was predictable in 50.7% of cases, while BTP with a gradual onset (>10 min) was less predictable (29%) (P=0.001). PCU patients were older, had lower Karnofsky levels, a lower number of BTP episodes/day, a slow onset of BTP onset, and a less predictable BTP. Cancer diagnosis was performed a mean of 23.5 months (SD±32.8) before the assessment. The mean duration of background pain was 3.5 months (SD±3.5), and the mean duration of any analgesic treatment was 2.5 months (SD±3). BTP started a mean of 2.2 months (SD±1.9) before the assessment. Characteristics of BTP were influenced by the course of disease, as well as the duration of background pain and initiation of BTP. Most patients took rapid onset opioids and were satisfied with the treatment. BTP diagnosis was prevalently made by ONC and OPC physicians, and rarely by GPs.ConclusionThis survey performed by an Italian observatory expert review group, has confirmed that the BTP represents a clinically relevant condition with a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. BTP was detected in all settings involved. A number of factors are associated with the BTP. Also factors regarding the course of disease and setting of care have been assessed. This information may help in stratifying patients or predicting the risk of development of BTP with specific characteristics.

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