• Nalini Raghavachari, Jennifer Barb, Yanqin Yang, Poching Liu, Kimberly Woodhouse, Daniel Levy, Christopher J O'Donnell, Peter J Munson, and Gregory J Kato.
• Genomics Core Facility, Genetics and Development Biology, NHLBI, The National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10, 8C 103B, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nraghavachari@nhlbi.nih.gov
• Bmc Med Genomics. 2012 Jan 1; 5: 28.

BackgroundTranscriptomic studies in clinical research are essential tools for deciphering the functional elements of the genome and unraveling underlying disease mechanisms. Various technologies have been developed to deduce and quantify the transcriptome including hybridization and sequencing-based approaches. Recently, high density exon microarrays have been successfully employed for detecting differentially expressed genes and alternative splicing events for biomarker discovery and disease diagnostics. The field of transcriptomics is currently being revolutionized by high throughput DNA sequencing methodologies to map, characterize, and quantify the transcriptome.MethodsIn an effort to understand the merits and limitations of each of these tools, we undertook a study of the transcriptome in sickle cell disease, a monogenic disease comparing the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST microarray (Exon array) and Illumina's deep sequencing technology (RNA-seq) on whole blood clinical specimens.ResultsAnalysis indicated a strong concordance (R = 0.64) between Exon array and RNA-seq data at both gene level and exon level transcript expression. The magnitude of differential expression was found to be generally higher in RNA-seq than in the Exon microarrays. We also demonstrate for the first time the ability of RNA-seq technology to discover novel transcript variants and differential expression in previously unannotated genomic regions in sickle cell disease. In addition to detecting expression level changes, RNA-seq technology was also able to identify sequence variation in the expressed transcripts.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that microarrays remain useful and accurate for transcriptomic analysis of clinical samples with low input requirements, while RNA-seq technology complements and extends microarray measurements for novel discoveries.

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