• Ban Leong Sng, Qianpian Zhang, Wan Ling Leong, Cecilia Ocampo, Pryseley Nkouibert Assam, and Alex Tiong Heng Sia.
• Consultant Department of Women's Anesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899; Deputy Head and Senior Consultant Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899; Assistant Professor Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857. Electronic address: sng.ban.leong@kkh.com.sg.
• J Clin Anesth. 2015 Jun 1;27(4):277-84.

IntroductionThe computer-integrated patient-controlled epidural analgesia (CIPCEA) system can automatically adjust the background infusion rate during combined spinal-epidural analgesia based on the parturient's need, as labor progresses.ObjectivesThe objective is to identify risk factors associated with breakthrough pain during labor as well as identify obstetric and fetal outcomes that are affected by breakthrough pain.DesignThis is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data.SettingThe setting is in a delivery room.ParticipantsThe participants are 280 nulliparous women in early labor (≤5 cm cervical dilatation) who received combined spinal-epidural analgesia with CIPCEA.InterventionsThe intervention is CIPCEA.MeasurementsThe primary outcome is the incidence of breakthrough pain (≥1 episodes of pain or pressure that required supplemental epidural medications) during labor. Relevant demographic, anesthetic, obstetric, and fetal characteristics were also measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify obstetric and anesthetic factors that were associated with increased incidence of breakthrough pain as well as to evaluate the impact of breakthrough pain on obstetric and fetal outcomes.ResultsThe incidence of breakthrough pain was 9.6%. Independent factors associated with incidence of breakthrough pain are the presence of dysfunctional labor, increased maternal body mass index, and decreased successful-to-total-bolus-demand ratio. The postlabor characteristics independently associated with breakthrough pain were increased duration of labor, decreased duration of effective analgesia, increased total local anesthetic consumption, and decreased maternal satisfaction.ConclusionsLow successful to total patient demand bolus ratio was the factor with the strongest association with breakthrough pain. Breakthrough pain was also associated with dysfunctional labor and poorer maternal satisfaction.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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