• Jeffrey H Lawson, Marc H Glickman, Marek Ilzecki, Tomasz Jakimowicz, Andrzej Jaroszynski, Eric K Peden, Alison J Pilgrim, Heather L Prichard, Malgorzata Guziewicz, Stanisław Przywara, Jacek Szmidt, Jakub Turek, Wojciech Witkiewicz, Norbert Zapotoczny, Tomasz Zubilewicz, and Laura E Niklason.
• Humacyte, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
• Lancet. 2016 May 14; 387 (10032): 202620342026-34.

BackgroundFor patients with end-stage renal disease who are not candidates for fistula, dialysis access grafts are the best option for chronic haemodialysis. However, polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts are prone to thrombosis, infection, and intimal hyperplasia at the venous anastomosis. We developed and tested a bioengineered human acellular vessel as a potential solution to these limitations in dialysis access.MethodsWe did two single-arm phase 2 trials at six centres in the USA and Poland. We enrolled adults with end-stage renal disease. A novel bioengineered human acellular vessel was implanted into the arms of patients for haemodialysis access. Primary endpoints were safety (freedom from immune response or infection, aneurysm, or mechanical failure, and incidence of adverse events), and efficacy as assessed by primary, primary assisted, and secondary patencies at 6 months. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year, or had a censoring event. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01744418 and NCT01840956.FindingsHuman acellular vessels were implanted into 60 patients. Mean follow-up was 16 months (SD 7·6). One vessel became infected during 82 patient-years of follow-up. The vessels had no dilatation and rarely had post-cannulation bleeding. At 6 months, 63% (95% CI 47-72) of patients had primary patency, 73% (57-81) had primary assisted patency, and 97% (85-98) had secondary patency, with most loss of primary patency because of thrombosis. At 12 months, 28% (17-40) had primary patency, 38% (26-51) had primary assisted patency, and 89% (74-93) had secondary patency.InterpretationBioengineered human acellular vessels seem to provide safe and functional haemodialysis access, and warrant further study in randomised controlled trials.FundingHumacyte and US National Institutes of Health.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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