• Michael K Abraham, Sara B Scott, Andrew Meltzer, and Fermin Barrueto.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
• J Med Toxicol. 2009 Mar 1; 5 (1): 3-7.

ObjectiveCalcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity, in particular that induced by verapamil and diltiazem, presents clinical challenges with no true antidote. Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, improves cardiac contractility in patients with heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that calcium channel sensitization will prolong survival in a rat model of severe verapamil poisoning.MethodsThis was a blinded, randomized, controlled animal study. Wistar rats (mean weight, 371 +/- 50 g) were used. Verapamil (2.5 mg/ml) was infused at a rate of 37.5 mg/kg per hour. Bolus doses of levosimendan (5 microg/mL) were given at 0 min (12 microg/kg) and 5 min (18 microg/kg); saline control was of equal volume. The rats were intubated and maintained under general anesthesia with isoflurane. Electrocardiographic activity and core temperature were monitored during the poisoning and treatment phases. Each rat underwent femoral vein cannulation and was then randomized, in blinded fashion, to receive either levosimendan or an equal volume of saline at 0 and 5 minutes. Death, defined as 1 minute of asystole, was used as the primary endpoint.ResultsRats treated with levosimendan died before the control group (7.37 +/- 0.7 min [n=7] vs. 16.4 +/- 4.2 [n=7] [ p=.053]). All animals experienced bradycardia prior to asystole.DiscussionAlthough levosimendan has the ability to sensitize and enhance binding of troponin C to Ca2+, this study did not show an improvement in survival time in the setting of verapamil toxicity. This may be attributed to levosimendan's inhibition of phosphodiesterase, which possibly exacerbated the CCB-induced hypotension.ConclusionIn this rat model, levosimendan as a solitary antidotal treatment for verapamil toxicity was not beneficial.

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