• Joseph D Tobias.
• Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
• Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015 Aug 1;28(4):478-85.

Purpose Of ReviewAlthough adults may be able to tolerate procedures without sedation, developmental and cognitive issues often mandate the use of sedation in infants and children.Recent FindingsThere has been a shift in the philosophy regarding sedation with an increasing recognition of the negative psychological and physiological aspects of inadequate sedation. The expansion of our technology continues to result in an increasing number of techniques, which require sedation outside of the operating room environment. These factors have contributed to an ever growing number of pediatric patients presenting themselves for procedural sedation.SummaryThis chapter will discuss issues regarding the provision of anesthesia outside of the operating room for pediatric patients including current guidelines for patient assessment prior to procedural, monitoring during sedation, and a discussion of some of the more commonly utilized sedative and analgesic agents within the pediatric population.

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