• Samuel W Ross, A Britton Christmas, Peter E Fischer, Haley Holway, Amanda L Walters, Rachel Seymour, Michael A Gibbs, B Todd Heniford, and Ronald F Sing.
• From the Departments of General Surgery (S.W.R., A.B.C., P.E.F., H.H., A.L.W., B.T.H., R.F.S.), Orthopedic Surgery (R.S.), and Emergency Medicine (M.A.G.), F.H. "Sammy" Ross, Jr. Trauma Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina.
• J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Nov 1; 79 (5): 732-40.

BackgroundResuscitation after hemorrhage with crystalloid solutions can lead to marked acidosis and iatrogenically worsen the lethal triad. The effect of differing solutions on base deficit and lactate has been sparsely prospectively studied in humans. We sought to quantify the effect of normal saline (NS) and lactated Ringer's (LR) resuscitation in voluntary blood donors as a model for Class I hemorrhage.MethodsA prospective randomized control trial was conducted in conjunction with blood drives. Donors were randomized to receive no intravenous fluid (noIVF), 2-L NS, or 2-L LR after blood donation of 500 mL. Lactate and base deficit were measured before and after fluid administration using an iSTAT. The mean laboratory values were compared between groups first using a global test followed by pairwise testing between groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The Bonferroni correction was used and a statistical significance of p < 0.0167 was set.ResultsA total of 157 patients completed the study. The mean (SD) age was 39.2 (12.7), and 65.0% were female. Patients in each group lost equivalent amounts of total blood volume, and a similar amount was replaced in the crystalloid group (p > 0.0167). Donors had comparable increases in lactate and base deficit after donation regardless of the group (p > 0.0167). After resuscitation with 2-L crystalloid, the lactate level increased higher in the LR group than in the noIVF or the NS group (1.36 mmol/L vs. 1.00 mmol/L vs. 1.54 mmol/L, p < 0.0001). In addition, the resuscitation base deficit increased in the NS group more than in the noIVF or LR group (-0.65 vs. -3.06 vs. -0.34, p < 0.0001).ConclusionThis study is one of the first human studies to prospectively demonstrate quantifiable differences in base deficit and lactate by type of crystalloid resuscitation. LR resuscitation elevated lactate levels, and NS negatively affected the base deficit. These findings are critical to the interpretation of trauma patient resuscitation with crystalloid solutions.Level Of EvidenceTherapeutic study, level II.

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