• Mariska J Vansteensel, PelsElmar G MEGMDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (M.J.V., E.G.M.P., M.P.B., Z.V.F., P.G., S.L., M.A.V.D.B., P.C.V.R., E.J.A., N.F.R.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (T.H.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Ut, Martin G Bleichner, Mariana P Branco, Timothy Denison, Zachary V Freudenburg, Peter Gosselaar, Sacha Leinders, Thomas H Ottens, Max A Van Den Boom, Peter C Van Rijen, Erik J Aarnoutse, and Nick F Ramsey.
• Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (M.J.V., E.G.M.P., M.P.B., Z.V.F., P.G., S.L., M.A.V.D.B., P.C.V.R., E.J.A., N.F.R.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (T.H.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany (M.G.B.); and Neuromodulation Core Technology, Medtronic, Minneapolis (T.D.).
• N. Engl. J. Med. 2016 Nov 24; 375 (21): 206020662060-2066.

AbstractOptions for people with severe paralysis who have lost the ability to communicate orally are limited. We describe a method for communication in a patient with late-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), involving a fully implanted brain-computer interface that consists of subdural electrodes placed over the motor cortex and a transmitter placed subcutaneously in the left side of the thorax. By attempting to move the hand on the side opposite the implanted electrodes, the patient accurately and independently controlled a computer typing program 28 weeks after electrode placement, at the equivalent of two letters per minute. The brain-computer interface offered autonomous communication that supplemented and at times supplanted the patient's eye-tracking device. (Funded by the Government of the Netherlands and the European Union; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02224469 .).

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