• Yoon-Koo Kang, Min-Hee Ryu, Changhoon Yoo, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Hyun Jin Kim, Jong Jin Lee, Byung-Ho Nam, Nikhil Ramaiya, Jyothi Jagannathan, and George D Demetri.
• Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: ykkang@amc.seoul.kr.
• Lancet Oncol. 2013 Nov 1; 14 (12): 1175-82.

BackgroundFew treatment options remain for patients with metastatic or unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) after objective progression on approved tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. We aimed to assess efficacy of imatinib rechallenge in these patients.MethodsIn our prospective, randomised, double-blind trial, we enrolled adults (≥18 years) who had previously benefited from first-line imatinib (initial response or stable disease for ≥6 months) but whose metastatic or unresectable GIST had progressed on at least imatinib and sunitinib. We randomly allocated participants in a 1:1 ratio, with a centralised computer-generated allocation procedure (random permuted blocks of two, four, and six) and stratified by previous treatment and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, to receive best supportive care with imatinib 400 mg per day or matched placebo. Crossover to open-label imatinib was allowed after investigator-adjudicated disease progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), as determined by a masked external radiological review. All analyses were done for all patients who received at least one dose of study drug.FindingsBetween July 20, 2010, and Jan 17, 2013, we randomly allocated 41 patients to the imatinib group and 40 patients to the placebo group. After a median follow-up of 5·2 months (IQR 3·4-9·4), median PFS was 1·8 months (95% CI 1·7-3·6) with imatinib compared with 0·9 months (0·9-1·7) with placebo (hazard ratio for progression or death 0·46, 95% CI 0·27-0·78; p=0·005). 37 (93%) patients in the placebo group crossed over to open-label imatinib after progression. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were anaemia (12 [29%] of 41 patients in the imatinib group vs three [8%] of 40 in the placebo group), fatigue (four [10%] vs none), and hyperbilirubinaemia (three [7%] vs one [3%]).InterpretationIn patients with GIST that is refractory to treatment with all standard tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, the disease continues to harbour many clones that are sensitive to kinase inhibitors. Continued kinase suppression might slow, although not halt, disease progression.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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