• Joji B Kuramatsu, Stefan T Gerner, Peter D Schellinger, Jörg Glahn, Matthias Endres, Jan Sobesky, Julia Flechsenhar, Hermann Neugebauer, Eric Jüttler, Armin Grau, Frederick Palm, Joachim Röther, Peter Michels, Gerhard F Hamann, Joachim Hüwel, Georg Hagemann, Beatrice Barber, Christoph Terborg, Frank Trostdorf, Hansjörg Bäzner, Aletta Roth, Johannes Wöhrle, Moritz Keller, Michael Schwarz, Gernot Reimann, Jens Volkmann, Wolfgang Müllges, Peter Kraft, Joseph Classen, Carsten Hobohm, Markus Horn, Angelika Milewski, Heinz Reichmann, Hauke Schneider, Eik Schimmel, Gereon R Fink, Christian Dohmen, Henning Stetefeld, Otto Witte, Albrecht Günther, Tobias Neumann-Haefelin, Andras E Racs, Martin Nueckel, Frank Erbguth, Stephan P Kloska, Arnd Dörfler, Martin Köhrmann, Stefan Schwab, and Hagen B Huttner.
• Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
• JAMA. 2015 Feb 24;313(8):824-36.

ImportanceAlthough use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) is increasing, there is a substantial lack of data on how to treat OAC-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).ObjectiveTo assess the association of anticoagulation reversal and blood pressure (BP) with hematoma enlargement and the effects of OAC resumption.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study at 19 German tertiary care centers (2006-2012) including 1176 individuals for analysis of long-term functional outcome, 853 for analysis of hematoma enlargement, and 719 for analysis of OAC resumption.ExposuresReversal of anticoagulation during acute phase, systolic BP at 4 hours, and reinitiation of OAC for long-term treatment.Main Outcomes And MeasuresFrequency of hematoma enlargement in relation to international normalized ratio (INR) and BP. Incidence analysis of ischemic and hemorrhagic events with or without OAC resumption. Factors associated with favorable (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-3) vs unfavorable functional outcome.ResultsHemorrhage enlargement occurred in 307 of 853 patients (36.0%). Reduced rates of hematoma enlargement were associated with reversal of INR levels <1.3 within 4 hours after admission (43/217 [19.8%]) vs INR of ≥1.3 (264/636 [41.5%]; P < .001) and systolic BP <160 mm Hg at 4 hours (167/504 [33.1%]) vs ≥160 mm Hg (98/187 [52.4%]; P < .001). The combination of INR reversal <1.3 within 4 hours and systolic BP of <160 mm Hg at 4 hours was associated with lower rates of hematoma enlargement (35/193 [18.1%] vs 220/498 [44.2%] not achieving these values; OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19-0.42; P < .001) and lower rates of in-hospital mortality (26/193 [13.5%] vs 103/498 [20.7%]; OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37-0.95; P = .03). OAC was resumed in 172 of 719 survivors (23.9%). OAC resumption showed fewer ischemic complications (OAC: 9/172 [5.2%] vs no OAC: 82/547 [15.0%]; P < .001) and not significantly different hemorrhagic complications (OAC: 14/172 [8.1%] vs no OAC: 36/547 [6.6%]; P = .48). Propensity-matched survival analysis in patients with atrial fibrillation who restarted OAC showed a decreased HR of 0.258 (95% CI, 0.125-0.534; P < .001) for long-term mortality. Functional long-term outcome was unfavorable in 786 of 1083 patients (72.6%).Conclusions And RelevanceAmong patients with OAC-associated ICH, reversal of INR <1.3 within 4 hours and systolic BP <160 mm Hg at 4 hours were associated with lower rates of hematoma enlargement, and resumption of OAC therapy was associated with lower risk of ischemic events. These findings require replication and assessment in prospective studies.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01829581.

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