• Jean-Pierre Frat, Stéphanie Ragot, Rémi Coudroy, Jean-Michel Constantin, Christophe Girault, Gwénael Prat, Thierry Boulain, Alexandre Demoule, Jean-Damien Ricard, Keyvan Razazi, Lascarrou Jean-Baptiste JB Centre Hospitalier Départemental de La Roche sur Yon, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, La Roche sur Yon, France., Jérôme Devaquet, Jean-Paul Mira, Laurent Argaud, Jean-Charles Chakarian, Muriel Fartoukh, Saad Nseir, Alain Mercat, Laurent Brochard, René Robert, Arnaud W Thille, and REVA network.
• CHU de Poitiers, Réanimation Médicale, Poitiers, France.
• Crit. Care Med. 2018 Feb 1; 46 (2): 208-215.

ObjectivesIn patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen are alternative strategies to conventional oxygen therapy. Endotracheal intubation is frequently needed in these patients with a risk of delay, and early predictors of failure may help clinicians to decide early. We aimed to identify factors associated with intubation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with different noninvasive oxygenation techniques.DesignPost hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.SettingTwenty-three ICUs.PatientsPatients with a respiratory rate greater than 25 breaths/min and a PaO2/FIO2 ratio less than or equal to 300 mm Hg.InterventionPatients were treated with standard oxygen, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen, or noninvasive ventilation.Measurement And Main ResultsRespiratory variables one hour after treatment initiation. Under standard oxygen, patients with a respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths/min were more likely to need intubation (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.13-6.75; p = 0.03). One hour after high-flow nasal cannula oxygen initiation, increased heart rate was the only factor associated with intubation. One hour after noninvasive ventilation initiation, a PaO2/FIO2 ratio less than or equal to 200 mm Hg and a tidal volume greater than 9 mL/kg of predicted body weight were independent predictors of intubation (adjusted odds ratio, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.62-11.16; p = 0.003 and adjusted odds ratio, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.22-8.06; p = 0.02, respectively). A tidal volume above 9 mL/kg during noninvasive ventilation remained independently associated with 90-day mortality.ConclusionsIn patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure breathing spontaneously, the respiratory rate was a predictor of intubation under standard oxygen, but not under high-flow nasal cannula oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. A PaO2/FIO2 below 200 mm Hg and a high tidal volume greater than 9 mL/kg were the two strong predictors of intubation under noninvasive ventilation.

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