• Constantinos Simillis, Nikhil Lal, Sarah N Thoukididou, Christos Kontovounisios, Jason J Smith, Roel Hompes, Michel Adamina, and Paris P Tekkis.
• Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• Ann. Surg. 2019 Jul 1; 270 (1): 59-68.

ObjectiveTo compare techniques for rectal cancer resection.Summary Background DataDifferent surgical approaches exist for mesorectal excision.MethodsSystematic literature review and Bayesian network meta-analysis performed.ResultsTwenty-nine randomized controlled trials included, reporting on 6237 participants, comparing: open versus laparoscopic versus robotic versus transanal mesorectal excision. No significant differences identified between treatments in intraoperative morbidity, conversion rate, grade III/IV morbidity, reoperation, anastomotic leak, nodes retrieved, involved distal margin, 5-year overall survival, and locoregional recurrence. Operative blood loss was less with laparoscopic surgery compared with open, and with robotic surgery compared with open and laparoscopic. Robotic operative time was longer compared with open, laparoscopic, and transanal. Laparoscopic operative time was longer compared with open. Laparoscopic surgery resulted in lower overall postoperative morbidity and fewer wound infections compared with open. Robotic surgery had fewer wound infections compared with open. Time to defecation was longer with open surgery compared with laparoscopic and robotic. Hospital stay was longer after open surgery compared with laparoscopic and robotic, and after laparoscopic surgery compared with robotic. Laparoscopic surgery resulted in more incomplete or nearly complete mesorectal excisions compared with open, and in more involved circumferential resection margins compared with transanal. Robotic surgery resulted in longer distal resection margins compared with open, laparoscopic, and transanal.ConclusionsThe different techniques result in comparable perioperative morbidity and long-term survival. The laparoscopic and robotic approaches may improve postoperative recovery, and the open and transanal approaches may improve oncological resection. Technique selection should be based on expected benefits by individual patient.

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