• Rita S Mehta, William E Barlow, Kathy S Albain, Ted A Vandenberg, Shaker R Dakhil, Nagendra R Tirumali, Danika L Lew, Daniel F Hayes, Julie R Gralow, Hannah H Linden, Robert B Livingston, and Gabriel N Hortobagyi.
• From the Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (R.S.M.); the SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center (W.E.B., D.L.L.) and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington Medical Center (J.R.G., H.H.L.) - both in Seattle; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL (K.S.A.); London Health Sciences Centre and the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, London, ON, Canada (T.A.V.); the Cancer Center of Kansas and Wichita National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP), Wichita (S.R.D.); Kaiser Permanente NCORP, Portland, OR (N.R.T.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); the University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson (R.B.L.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (G.N.H.).
• N. Engl. J. Med. 2019 Mar 28; 380 (13): 1226-1234.

BackgroundWe previously reported prolonged progression-free survival and marginally prolonged overall survival among postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer who had been randomly assigned to receive the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole plus the selective estrogen-receptor down-regulator fulvestrant, as compared with anastrozole alone, as first-line therapy. We now report final survival outcomes.MethodsWe randomly assigned patients to receive either anastrozole or fulvestrant plus anastrozole. Randomization was stratified according to adjuvant tamoxifen use. Analysis of survival was performed by means of two-sided stratified log-rank tests and Cox regression. Efficacy and safety were compared between the two groups, both overall and in subgroups.ResultsOf 707 patients who had undergone randomization, 694 had data available for analysis. The combination-therapy group had 247 deaths among 349 women (71%) and a median overall survival of 49.8 months, as compared with 261 deaths among 345 women (76%) and a median overall survival of 42.0 months in the anastrozole-alone group, a significant difference (hazard ratio for death, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.98; P = 0.03 by the log-rank test). In a subgroup analysis of the two strata, overall survival among women who had not received tamoxifen previously was longer with the combination therapy than with anastrozole alone (median, 52.2 months and 40.3 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.92); among women who had received tamoxifen previously, overall survival was similar in the two groups (median, 48.2 months and 43.5 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.27) (P = 0.09 for interaction). The incidence of long-term toxic effects of grade 3 to 5 was similar in the two groups. Approximately 45% of the patients in the anastrozole-alone group crossed over to receive fulvestrant.ConclusionsThe addition of fulvestrant to anastrozole was associated with increased long-term survival as compared with anastrozole alone, despite substantial crossover to fulvestrant after progression during therapy with anastrozole alone. The results suggest that the benefit was particularly notable in patients without previous exposure to adjuvant endocrine therapy. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and AstraZeneca; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00075764.).Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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