• Rola Harmouche, Samuel Y Ash, Rachel K Putman, Gary M Hunninghake, Ruben San Jose Estepar, Fernando J Martinez, Augustine M Choi, David A Lynch, Hiroto Hatabu, MeiLan K Han, Russell P Bowler, Ravi Kalhan, Ivan O Rosas, George R Washko, San Jose EsteparRaulRApplied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA., and COPDGene Investigators.
• Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA.
• Chest. 2019 Dec 1; 156 (6): 1149-1159.

BackgroundTobacco smoke exposure is associated with emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, both of which are irreversible. We have developed a new objective CT analysis tool that combines densitometry with machine learning to detect high attenuation changes in visually normal appearing lung (NormHA) that may precede these diseases.MethodsWe trained the classification tool by placing 34,528 training points in chest CT scans from 297 COPDGene participants. The tool was then used to classify lung tissue in 9,038 participants as normal, emphysema, fibrotic/interstitial, or NormHA. Associations between the quartile of NormHA and plasma-based biomarkers, clinical severity, and mortality were evaluated using Jonckheere-Terpstra, pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and multivariable linear and Cox regression.ResultsA higher percentage of lung occupied by NormHA was associated with higher C-reactive protein and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P for trend for both < .001). In analyses adjusted for multiple covariates, including high and low attenuation area, compared with those in the lowest quartile of NormHA, those in the highest quartile had a 6.50 absolute percent lower percent predicted lower FEV1 (P < .001), an 8.48 absolute percent lower percent predicted forced expiratory volume, a 10.78-meter shorter 6-min walk distance (P = .011), and a 56% higher risk of death (P = .003). These findings were present even in those individuals without visually defined interstitial lung abnormalities.ConclusionsA new class of NormHA on CT may represent a unique tissue class associated with adverse outcomes, independent of emphysema and fibrosis.Copyright © 2019 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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