• Long Chen, Li Wang, Juan Ma, Zhichun Feng, Jie Li, and Yuan Shi.
• Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
• Chest. 2019 Apr 1; 155 (4): 740-748.

BackgroundNasal high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (NHFOV) has been described as supplying the combined advantages of nasal CPAP (NCPAP) and HFOV. However, its effect on preterm infants needs to be further elucidated. Our objective was to assess whether NHFOV could reduce intubation and Pco2 levels as compared with NCPAP during the postextubation phase in preterm infants.MethodsThis was a single-center, randomized, controlled trial, and it was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03140891) and conducted between May 2017 and May 2018. Ventilated infants born at less than 37 weeks' gestational age and ready to be extubated were included and randomized to either the NHFOV or NCPAP group. Primary outcomes were the incidence of reintubation within 1 week and the Pco2 level within 6 h.ResultsA total of 206 preterm infants were included. Of them, 127 (61.7%) were diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome, 53 (25.7%) with ARDS, and 26 (12.6%) with both respiratory distress syndrome and ARDS. Comparing with NCPAP, NHFOV significantly reduced the reintubation rate (16:87 vs 35:68; 95% CI, 0.18-0.70; P = .002), especially in the subgroup with a gestational age of ≤ 32 weeks (12:34 vs 25:20; 95% CI, 0.12-0.68; P = .004). The Pco2 level was also significant lower in the NHFOV group (49.6 ± 8.7 vs 56.9 ± 9.9; 95% CI, -9.95 to -4.80; P = < .001). Moreover, NHFOV significantly reduced the reintubation rate in preterm infants with ARDS (10:33 vs 21:15; 95% CI, 0.08-0.57; P = .002).ConclusionsNHFOV was shown to be superior to NCPAP in avoiding reintubation, especially in very preterm infants and those infants diagnosed with ARDS.Trial RegistryClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03140891; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.Copyright © 2019 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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