• Gino Soldati, Marcello Demi, Andrea Smargiassi, Riccardo Inchingolo, and Libertario Demi.
• a Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound Unit , Valle del Serchio General Hospital , Lucca , Italy.
• Expert Rev Respir Med. 2019 Feb 1; 13 (2): 163-172.

IntroductionThoracic ultrasound is employed for the diagnosis of many thoracic diseases and is an accepted detection tool of pleural effusions, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and pneumonia. However, the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of parenchymal lung disease, when the organ is still aerated, is a relatively new application. Areas covered: The diagnosis of a normal lung and the differentiation between a normally aerated lung and a lung with interstitial pathology is based on the interpretation of ultrasound artifacts universally known as A and B-Lines. Even though the practical role of lung ultrasound artifacts is accepted by many clinicians, their physical basis and the correlations between these signs and the causal pathology is not known in depth. Expert commentary: In this review, we discuss the meaning of A- and B-Lines in the diagnostic ultrasound imaging of the lung and the acoustic properties of the pleural plane which are at the basis of their generation.

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