• Carmen Jerónimo, Patrick J Bastian, Anders Bjartell, Giuseppina M Carbone, James W F Catto, Susan J Clark, Rui Henrique, William G Nelson, and Shahrokh F Shariat.
• Cancer Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Portugal. carmenjeronimo@ipoporto.min-saude.pt
• Eur. Urol. 2011 Oct 1; 60 (4): 753-66.

ContextProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common human malignancies and arises through genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs (miRNA) and produce heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA coding sequence.ObjectiveTo review progress in the understanding of PCa epigenetics and to focus upon translational applications of this knowledge.Evidence AcquisitionPubMed was searched for publications regarding PCa and DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs. Reports were selected based on the detail of analysis, mechanistic support of data, novelty, and potential clinical applications.Evidence SynthesisAberrant DNA methylation (hypo- and hypermethylation) is the best-characterized alteration in PCa and leads to genomic instability and inappropriate gene expression. Global and locus-specific changes in chromatin remodeling are implicated in PCa, with evidence suggesting a causative dysfunction of histone-modifying enzymes. MicroRNA deregulation also contributes to prostate carcinogenesis, including interference with androgen receptor signaling and apoptosis. There are important connections between common genetic alterations (eg, E twenty-six fusion genes) and the altered epigenetic landscape. Owing to the ubiquitous nature of epigenetic alterations, they provide potential biomarkers for PCa detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and post-treatment surveillance.ConclusionsAltered epigenetic gene regulation is involved in the genesis and progression of PCa. Epigenetic alterations may provide valuable tools for the management of PCa patients and be targeted by pharmacologic compounds that reverse their nature. The potential for epigenetic changes in PCa requires further exploration and validation to enable translation to the clinic.Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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