Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and the severity of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ⋯ For patients with T2DM, higher SUA levels are associated with higher UAE, lower eGFR, and higher prevalence of DN, but not DR.
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Sialylation (the covalent addition of sialic acid to the terminal end of glycoproteins or glycans), tightly regulated cell- and microenvironment-specific process and orchestrated by sialyltransferases and sialidases (neuraminidases) family, is one of the posttranslational modifications, which plays an important biological role in the maintenance of normal physiology and involves many pathological dysfunctions. Glycans have roles in all the cancer hallmarks, referring to capabilities acquired during all steps of cancer development to initiate malignant transformation (a driver of a malignant genotype), enable cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and metastasize (a consequence of a malignant phenotype), which includes sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressor, resisting cell apoptosis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, evading tumor destruction, accumulating inflammatory microenvironment, and activating invasion and accelerating metastases. Regarding the important role of altered sialylation of cancers, further knowledge about the initiation and the consequences of altered sialylation pattern in tumor cells is needed, because all may offer a better chance for developing novel therapeutic strategy. In this review, we would like to update alteration of sialylation in ovarian cancers.
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Nitric oxide (NO), which possesses both protective and toxic properties, has been observed to have a complicated biphasic character within various types of tissues, including neuronal cells. NO was also found to cause the increase of another important signaling molecular Zn (termed as NZR). The molecular mechanism of NZR has been extensively investigated, but the source of Zn is present of a major candidate that is yet to be answered. The NO-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway, mitochondria, and metallothioneins (MTs), are all proposed to be the individual source of NZR. However, this hypothesis remains inconclusive. In this study, we examined the function of PKG signaling cascades, the mitochondria storage, and MT-1 during NZR of living PC12 cells. ⋯ This new finding provides a reasonable explanation to previously existing and contradictory conclusions regarding the function of mitochondria/mKATP and PKG signaling on the molecular mechanism of NZR.
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Type 2 diabetes has become a major disease burden in twenty-first century. Both incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes have quadrupled between 1980 and 2004 in the whole world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the major complication of type 2 diabetes. ⋯ Furthermore, in the recent DAPA-HF trial, dapagliflozin decreased hospitalization for HF/cardiovascular death by 26%, and total death by 17%, in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, irrespective of diabetes or nondiabetes. The beneficial effects of SGLT-2 i in CKD and HF are complementary to the effects of statins. The introduction of SGLT-2 i in clinical practice is the second revolution in cardiovascular prevention.