Chest
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A typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) presents similarly to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and other causes or conditions with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), such as disseminated intravascular coagulation or sepsis. Similarity in clinical presentation may hinder diagnosis and optimal treatment selection in the urgent setting in the ICU. However, there is currently no consensus on the diagnosis or treatment of aHUS for ICU specialists. ⋯ However, we recognize a core set of skills required by intensivists for diagnosing and managing patients with aHUS: recognizing thrombotic microangiopathies, differentiating aHUS from related conditions, recognizing involvement of other organ systems, understanding the pathophysiology of aHUS, knowing the diagnostic workup and relevant outcomes in critically ill patients with aHUS, and knowing the standard of care for patients with aHUS based on available data and guidelines. In conclusion, managing critically ill patients with aHUS requires basic skills that, in the absence of sufficient data from patients treated within the ICU, can be gleaned from an increasingly relevant literature outside the ICU. More data on critically ill patients with aHUS are needed to validate these conclusions within the ICU setting.
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Airway eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic asthma, and understanding mechanisms that promote increases in lung eosinophil numbers is important for effective pharmacotherapeutic development. It has become evident that expansion of hematopoietic compartments in the bone marrow (BM) promotes differentiation and trafficking of mature eosinophils to the airways. ⋯ In addition, hematopoietic progenitor cells in the airways can respond to locally derived alarmins to produce a panoply of cytokines, thereby themselves acting as effector proinflammatory cells that potentiate type 2 responses in eosinophilic asthma. In this review, we provide evidence for these findings and discuss novel targets for modulating eosinophilopoietic processes, migration, and effector function of precursor cells.
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An 84-year-old man without a history of smoking presented with progressive dyspnea of 6 months' duration accompanied by fatigue and unintentional weight loss. He denied fever, chills, chest pain, hemoptysis, rash, joint pains, or muscle aches. He had multiple hospitalizations for similar presentations that were diagnosed as pneumonia. History was significant for diastolic heart failure, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Review Meta Analysis
Incidence of pneumonitis with use of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of trials.
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors show significant clinical activity in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, they are often associated with potentially fatal immune-mediated pneumonitis. Preliminary reports of trials suggest a difference in the rate of pneumonitis with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. We sought to determine the overall incidence of pneumonitis and differences according to type of inhibitors and prior chemotherapy use. ⋯ There was a higher incidence of pneumonitis with use of PD-1 inhibitors compared with PD-L1 inhibitors. Higher rate of pneumonitis was more common in treatment naive patients.