JAMA surgery
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Resident operative autonomy has been steadily decreasing. Whether this reduction in autonomy has been associated with changes in patient outcomes is unclear. ⋯ In this cohort study, surgical procedures performed by residents alone were not associated with any changes in all-cause mortality or composite morbidity compared with those performed by attending surgeons alone or by residents with the assistance of attending surgeons. Given these findings and the importance of operative autonomy to prepare surgical residents for independent practice, efforts to increase autonomy are both safe and needed.
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Female patients treated by male surgeons more commonly experience post-operative complications and death than when treated by female surgeons.
pearl