Schizophrenia bulletin
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Schizophrenia bulletin · Jan 1998
Review Historical ArticleThe Russian concept of schizophrenia: a review of the literature.
The focus of this article is a comprehensive review of the Russian-Soviet conceptualization of schizophrenia, which can be understood only in the broader historical and cultural context of Russian-Soviet psychiatry. Because of multiple barriers and the political abuse of psychiatry in the former Soviet Union, international psychiatric literature has lacked unbiased data about the scientific merit and historical logic of the Russian-Soviet concept of schizophrenia. This article represents an attempt to examine phenomenology, nosology, and some biological theories of schizophrenia developed in the former U. ⋯ The article also addresses historical and cultural antecedents of the abuse of psychiatry. The author suggests that the lack of a democratic tradition in Russia, a totalitarian regime, and oppression and "extermination" of the best psychiatrists during the 1930-50 period prepared the ground for the abuse of psychiatry and Russian-Soviet concept of schizophrenia. Perspectives on the potential changes in the Russian concept of schizophrenia in changing historical conditions are discussed.
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This article focuses on (1) the dimensionality of the caregiving concept; (2) the relation between the identified caregiving dimensions and characteristics of the patient, the caregiver, and their relationship; and (3) the relation between caregiving dimensions and caregiver distress. Findings are based on data from 480 members of the Dutch family organization for patients with schizophrenia/chronic psychosis who completed (1) the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ), which assesses general information (e.g., household characteristics), caregiving, help seeking, coping and distress, and (2) a questionnaire comprising questions on onset and course of the patient's disorder and symptoms characteristic of schizophrenic disorders. Four caregiving domains were found: tension, supervision, worrying, and urging. ⋯ The connection between patient, caregiver, and relationship variables and the caregivers' distress could be explained substantially by the overall caregiving score. Our findings suggest that caregiving tasks and problems may be diminished and related distress lowered by reducing the patient's symptomatology, increasing relatives' coping capacities, and decreasing the number of contact hours. If distress is reduced, relatives may use less psychotropic medication and may visit their general practitioner less often.