Anesthesiology
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Both superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation (SHFJV) and single-frequency (high-frequency) jet ventilation (HFJV) have been used with success for airway surgery, but SHFJV has been found to provide higher lung volumes and better gas exchange than HFJV in unobstructed airways. The authors systematically compared the ventilation efficacy of SHFJV and HFJV at different ventilation frequencies in a model of tracheal obstruction and describe the frequency and obstruction dependence of SHFJV efficacy. ⋯ In this in vivo porcine model of variable severe tracheal stenosis, SHFJV effectively increased lung volumes and maintained gas exchange and may be advantageous in severe airway obstruction.
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Neuroligin-1 (NL1) forms a complex with the presynaptic neurexin-1β (Nrx1b), regulating clustering of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) to underlie learning-/memory-associated plasticity. Pain-related spinal neuroplasticity shares several common features with learning-/memory-associated plasticity. The authors thereby investigated the potential involvement of NL1-related mechanism in spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-associated allodynia. ⋯ SNL-induced allodynia, which is mediated by the spinal NL1/PSD-95/pNR2B cascade, can be prevented by blockade of transsynaptic Nrx1b-NL1 interactions.
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Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) is a site-1 sodium channel blocker undergoing clinical trials as a prolonged-duration local anesthetic. Rat sciatic block and intravenous infusion models were used to assess efficacy and local and systemic toxicities for NeoSTX in saline (NeoSTX-Saline), bupivacaine (Bup), and their combination (NeoSTX-Bup). Exploratory studies evaluated the effects of addition of epinephrine to NeoSTX-Bup (NeoSTX-Bup-Epi). ⋯ NeoSTX-Bup and NeoSTX-Bup-Epi hold promise for prolonged-duration local anesthesia.