Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 2010
The influence of inspired oxygen fraction and end-tidal carbon dioxide on post-cross-clamp cerebral oxygenation during carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia.
Ten to fifteen percent of awake patients develop neurological deficits secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion after carotid artery cross-clamping. The reversal of such deficits by increasing the inspired oxygen fraction (Fio(2)) has been demonstrated, and regional cerebral oxygenation (rSO(2)) has been shown to improve during carotid cross-clamping in awake patients by increasing Fio(2). Paradoxical improvements in cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) at the time of cross-clamping and normalization of post-cross-clamp electroencephalographic abnormalities have been induced by hypocapnia. We performed this study to determine the influence of Fio(2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (Petco(2)) on rSO(2) in patients undergoing CEA with general anesthesia during carotid cross-clamping. ⋯ rSO(2) is reliably improved during carotid cross-clamping by increasing Fio(2) in patients undergoing CEA with general anesthesia. Additional improvement in rSO(2) may be gained by increasing Petco(2).
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 2010
The effect of an anatomically classified procedure on antiemetic administration in the postanesthesia care unit.
The effect of the type of surgical procedure on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) rate has been debated in the literature. Our goal in this retrospective database study was to investigate the effect the type of surgical procedure (categorized and compared anatomically) has on antiemetic therapy within 2 h of admission to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). ⋯ Using our automated anesthesia information system database, we found that the type of surgery, when categorized anatomically, was associated with an increased frequency of early PACU antiemetic administration in our population.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 2010
Reduced immobilizing properties of isoflurane and nitrous oxide in mutant mice lacking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluR(epsilon)1 subunit are caused by the secondary effects of gene knockout.
Until recently, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was considered to possibly mediate the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics such as isoflurane and nitrous oxide. However, new evidence suggests that the role of this receptor in abolition of the movement response may be less important than previously thought. To provide further evidence supporting or challenging this view, we examined the anesthetic potencies of isoflurane and nitrous oxide in genetically modified animals with established NMDA receptor dysfunction caused by GluRepsilon1 subunit knockout. ⋯ Our results confirm recent findings indicating no critical contribution of NMDA receptors to the immobility induced by isoflurane and nitrous oxide. In addition, they demonstrate the ability of changes secondary to genetic manipulation to affect the results obtained in global knockout studies.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 2010
The antinociceptive effect of intrathecal administration of glycine transporter-2 inhibitor ALX1393 in a rat acute pain model.
Glycinergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn have been implicated in the inhibition of spinal pain processing in peripheral inflammation and chronic pain states. Neuronal isoform glycine transporter-2 (GlyT2) reuptakes presynaptically released glycine and regulates the glycinergic neurotransmission. In this study, we examined whether a selective GlyT2 inhibitor, ALX1393, elicits an antinociceptive effect in a rat acute pain model. ⋯ This study demonstrates the antinociceptive action of ALX1393 on acute pain. These findings suggest that the inhibitory neurotransmitter transporters are promising targets for the treatment of acute pain and that the selective inhibitor of GlyT2 could be a novel therapeutic drug.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 2010
The impact of cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic interleukin-6 release, cerebral nuclear factor-kappa B expression, and neurocognitive outcome in rats.
Neurocognitive deficits after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) continue to affect patients' quality of life, and an inflammatory reaction may be one of the contributors. We designed this experiment to study perioperative systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, cerebral expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and neurocognitive outcome after CPB in young rats. The impact of oxygenator size on these outcomes was also assessed. ⋯ Pronounced systemic inflammatory responses to experimental CPB associated with increased hippocampal expression of NF-kappaB were not accompanied by neurocognitive impairment. This suggests that other factors beyond CPB and inflammatory responses might contribute to adverse neurocognitive outcomes after cardiac surgery.