Psychopharmacology
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Modest opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral tramadol in humans.
Tramadol is in an unscheduled atypical analgesic with low rates of diversion and abuse and mixed pharmacologic actions, including modest opioid agonist activity. ⋯ Tramadol 200 and 400 mg show evidence of opioid withdrawal suppression without significant observer- and subject-rated opioid agonist effects. The profile of action did not suggest a high risk for tramadol abuse in opioid dependent individuals. Tramadol may be a useful medication for treating opioid withdrawal.