Spine
-
A prospective, observational, human, in vivo study. ⋯ There is a high incidence of intravascular injections in transforaminal ESIs that is significantly increased at S1. Using a flash or blood aspiration to predict an intravascular injection is not sensitive, and therefore a negative flash or aspiration is not reliable. Fluoroscopically guided procedures without contrast confirmation are instilling medications intravascularly and therefore not into the desired epidural location. This finding confirms the need for not only fluoroscopic guidance but also contrast injection instillation in lumbosacral transforaminal ESIs.
-
Practice Guideline Guideline
Resident and fellowship guidelines: educational guidelines for resident training in spinal surgery.
-
Clinical Trial
Four-year follow-up results of lumbar spine arthrodesis using the Bagby and Kuslich lumbar fusion cage.
This was a prospective multicenter clinical trial of a lumbar interbody fusion cage with a minimum of 4 years' follow-up. ⋯ This study indicates that the early positive benefits of interbody fusion cage procedures are maintained through 4 years with acceptably low morbidity.