Spine
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In vitro three-dimensional kinematic changes after double-door cervical laminoplasty, with and without spacer, and laminectomy were studied in a human cadaveric model. ⋯ Double-door laminoplasty with hydroxyapatite spacer appears to restore the motion of the decompressed segment back to its intact state in all loading modes. The use of HA spacers well contributes to maintaining the total stiffness of cervical spine. In contrast, laminectomy seems to have potential leading postoperative deformity or instability.
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This article examines the application of Americans with Disabilities Act requirements to professional associations like physician practice groups. In general, employers with 15 or more full-time employees must comply with the Act. However, the definition of an employee is sometimes unclear, especially as applied to business entities commonly used by physician practice groups. ⋯ Similar questions arise for popular business entities, such as Limited Liability Companies and Limited Liability Partnerships. This article discusses the nature of the business forms commonly used by physician practice groups and how their characteristics impact employee status for Americans with Disabilities Act coverage. It then suggests that examination is useful beyond business formation characteristics to the purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act and other employment antidiscrimination statutes.