Spine
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Nonsystematic review and discussion of the etiological processes involved in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). ⋯ Research to date indicates that there are several physiological and psychological etiological processes that may underlie the initiation and maintenance of whiplash-related pain and disability. Further research is required to determine relationships and interactions between these factors and to determine whether their modification is possible and will improve outcomes after injury.
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The article will summarize research that has supported the role of pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice as risk factors for problematic recovery after whiplash injury. ⋯ A challenge for future research will be the development and evaluation of risk factor-targeted interventions aimed at reducing catastrophizing and perceived injustice to improve recovery trajectories after whiplash injury.
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Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. ⋯ Formation of anti-BMP-2 antibodies was low and transient. No neutralizing antibodies were observed. Formation of antibodies did not affect fusion success or appear to have clinical sequelae.
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A nonsystematic review of the literature. ⋯ Continued work is needed in developing appropriate animal models to investigate chronic pain from whiplash injuries and care must be taken to determine whether such models aim to model the injury event or the pain symptoms.
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The study design was descriptive. ⋯ Exercise, education, and learning with a behavioral medicine approach should be focused on in the future studies of acute WAD management.