Spine
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A retrospective review of data collected prospectively by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). ⋯ 3.
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Validation of a self-report questionnaire. ⋯ 3.
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Based on human disc surgical samples and isolated cells in vitro, we undertook a descriptive and mechanistic investigation of proinflammatory effects of interleukin (IL)-9 in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. ⋯ N/A.
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A cadaveric laboratory study. ⋯ N/A.