Spine
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Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. ⋯ Pre-treatment PROMIS scores do not adequately capture the disease-specific impact of spinal stenosis, but postoperative PROMIS scores better reflect outcomes after surgery for LSS. PROMIS scores should not be used in isolation to assess outcomes in patients with LSS.Level of Evidence: 4.
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Case-controlled animal study. ⋯ Results confirmed slow muscle fiber loss in the multifidus in the chronic phase of IVD degeneration induced spontaneously and by injury. Whole-body PA did not attenuate changes to muscle fiber distribution. More specific approaches to muscle activation might be required to achieve more complete reversal of muscle fiber changes, with potential implications for therapy in humans.Level of Evidence: N/A.