Revista de neurologia
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Psychogenic movement disorders are movement disorders that cannot be attributed to any known organic disease and which are caused by an underlying psychiatric pathology or are due to voluntary simulation. They account for 1-3% of all movement disorders. ⋯ Although in recent years some progress has been made in our knowledge of psychogenic movement disorders, more research is needed to determine the mechanism underlying these pathologies, as well as the techniques and complementary tests that can help reach a diagnosis. Further studies on treatment are also required.
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Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder with a neurological origin that manifests in the form of sensory-motor symptoms which are located mainly in the lower limbs. ⋯ Diagnosis of RLS is mainly clinical and is based on the criteria established by the National Institutes of Health consensus development conference in 2002. There are specific criteria for special groups (the elderly with cognitive impairment and children) in which it is not possible to determine whether RLS exists or not using the usual diagnostic criteria.
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Tourette syndrome is a neurologic disorder characterized by involuntary vocal and motor tics. It affects around 1 to 2% of school-age children and is the most common movement disorder in paediatric age. Tics are involuntary or semivoluntary, sudden, brief, intermittent, repetitive movements (motor tics) or sounds (phonic tics). It is often associated with psychiatric comorbidities, mainly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given its diverse presentation, Tourette's syndrome can almost mimic many hyperkinetic disorders, making the diagnosis challenging at times. ⋯ Appropriate diagnosis and treatment can substantially improve quality of life and psychosocial functioning in affected patients.
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Tremor is the most common movement disorder. The differential diagnosis on its origin is sometimes difficult and the number of conditions that include this symptom as part of their clinical spectrum continues to increase. ⋯ In this paper we review the data available today that help in the differential diagnosis of tremor; the particularities concerning Parkinson's disease from the diagnostic, therapeutic and genotypic point of view are also discussed.