The American journal of medicine
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Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is increasingly diagnosed in patients with heart failure (HF). A paucity of data exists pertinent to the contemporary prevalence and impact of type 2 MI in patients with HF. We studied the patient profiles and the prognostic impact of type 2 MI on outcomes of HF hospitalizations. ⋯ Type 2 MI in patients hospitalized with HF is associated with higher mortality and resource utilization in the United States.
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Syndromes of cardiac ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries have been increasingly recognized as a clinical entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations, commonly encountered in women. Knowledge of pathophysiology and clinical risk factors is key to ensuring appropriate diagnostic evaluation and management for these often-neglected patients. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations of these syndromes. We provide algorithms for diagnosis and management of these entities based on current scientific knowledge and highlight some of the key knowledge gaps and ongoing trials in this emerging field.