Annals of emergency medicine
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Brain damage accompanying cardiac arrest and resuscitation is frequent and devastating. Neurons in the hippocampus CA1 and CA4 zones and cortical layers III and V are selectively vulnerable to death after injury by ischemia and reperfusion. Ultrastructural evidence indicates that most of the structural damage is associated with reperfusion, during which the vulnerable neurons develop disaggregation of polyribosomes, peroxidative damage to unsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane, and prominent alterations in the structure of the Golgi apparatus that is responsible for membrane assembly. ⋯ Growth factors--in particular, insulin--have the potential to reverse phosphorylation of elF-2 alpha, promote effective translation of the mRNA transcripts generated in response to ischemia and reperfusion, enhance neuronal defenses against radicals, and stimulate lipid synthesis and membrane repair. There is now substantial evidence that the insulin-class growth factors have neuron-sparing effects against damage by radicals and ischemia and reperfusion. This new knowledge may provide a fundamental basis for a rational approach to "cerebral resuscitation" that will allow substantial amelioration of the often dismal neurologic outcome now associated with resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
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The inability to correctly position the patient may cause difficulty during oral endotracheal intubation. Examples of such circumstances include cases of suspected cervical spine injury and cases of restricted access to the patient in the prehospital environment. ⋯ The case reported herein, of a successful bougie-assisted oral intubation in the prehospital setting, highlights the usefulness of the technique. Physicians considering the use of the gum elastic bougie for intubation difficulties after rapid sequence induction should seek specific training in the use of the instrument.
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Laboratory research should have clinical relevance. Topics should be selected according to need, gaps in knowledge, and opportunities; the investigator's background, expertise, interests, and ambitions; scientific, clinical, and socioeconomic importance; and feasibility of successful performance and conclusion. The current explosion of knowledge and sophistication of methods will require research by multidisciplinary teams. ⋯ In cardiac arrest research, hearts and brains "too good to die" offer many challenges. In trauma research, particular challenges include protection-preservation during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, suspended animation for delayed resuscitation in exsanguination, and prevention of brain swelling after traumatic brain injury. Emergency physicians have the unique opportunity to initiate clinical resuscitation research in unexplored territory: the prehospital arena.
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Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation.
To confirm the ability of the esophageal detector device (EDD) to indicate positioning of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in patients intubated under emergency conditions and to compare the performance of the EDD with that of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). ⋯ The EDD reliably confirms tracheal intubation in the emergency patient population. The EDD is more accurate than ETCO2 monitoring in the overall emergency patient population because of its greater accuracy in cardiac arrest patients. [Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD: Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation.