Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Dec 2017
A spatial analysis of race, local health-promoting resources and preventable hospitalizations.
Preventable hospitalizations (PHs) for chronic conditions could have been avoided if treated with primary healthcare. PH rates are higher among African Americans, and in areas with less healthcare. Little is known about the effects of non-healthcare local health-promoting resources (LHPRs). The objective of this study is to determine associations between LHPRs and chronic PH rates in Maryland, and to assess spatial clustering of areas with high PH rates. ⋯ Public health practitioners should look to LHPRs beyond physician supply or public clinics to address PHs, particularly among African Americans. Specific LHPRs could be used to target African American PH rates and clusters.
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Preventive medicine · Dec 2017
Associations of 100% fruit juice versus whole fruit with hypertension and diabetes risk in postmenopausal women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative.
The objective of this study was to determine whether consumption of 100% fruit juice as compared to whole fruit is associated with increased risk of hypertension or diabetes. We analyzed postmenopausal women in the United States enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative between 1993 and 1998. Whole fruit and 100% fruit juice intake were assessed by baseline food frequency questionnaire. ⋯ In multivariable analyses there was no significant association comparing the highest to lowest quintiles of 100% fruit juice consumption (8oz/day compared to none) and incident hypertension (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97-1.03) or diabetes (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90-1.03). There was also no significant association between whole fruit consumption (2.4servings/day compared to 0.3servings/day) and incident hypertension (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.98-1.05) or diabetes (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.10). Consuming moderate amounts of 100% fruit juice or whole fruit was not significantly associated with risk of hypertension or diabetes among postmenopausal US women.
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Preventive medicine · Dec 2017
Review Meta AnalysisThe effectiveness of school-based physical activity interventions for adolescent girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Physical activity (PA) decreases during the transition from childhood to adolescence, with larger declines observed in girls. School-based interventions are considered the most promising approach for increasing adolescents' PA levels although, it is unclear which types of school-based interventions have the greatest impact. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the impact and design of school-based PA interventions targeting adolescent girls. ⋯ Subgroup analysis revealed very small significant effects for multi-component interventions (k=7, g=0.09, p<0.05), interventions underpinned by theory (k=12, g=0.07, p<0.05), and studies with a higher risk of bias (k=13, g=0.09, p<0.05). Intervention effects were very small which indicates that changing PA behaviors in adolescent girls through school-based interventions is challenging. Multi-component interventions and interventions underpinned by theory may be the most effective approaches to positively change adolescent girls' PA.
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Energy drinks are a fast-growing class of beverage containing high levels of caffeine and sugar. Advertising and marketing have been key to their growth in South Africa. This paper documents trends in energy drink consumption and energy drink advertising, and examines the relationship between exposure to energy drink advertising and consumption. ⋯ Spending on energy drink advertising is mostly focused on television. Targeted channels include youth, sports and general interest channels. Viewers of channels targeted by energy drink advertisers have higher odds of any and moderate levels of energy drinks consumption.
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Preventive medicine · Dec 2017
The effect of MPOWER scores on cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption.
The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the MPOWER package to support policy implementation under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This study examined the effect of MPOWER policies on smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in a global context. ⋯ MPOWER policies were effective in reducing cigarette smoking among adults. Parties should continue to implement MPOWER policies that have been recommended by the WHO FCTC to curb tobacco epidemic.