Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2020
Association between neighborhood socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and smoking status in pregnant women in an urban area.
Smoking during pregnancy can lead to serious health consequences. Given such health risks, an understanding of factors that influence maternal smoking behaviors during pregnancy is critical. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between tobacco store density, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood rates of maternal smoking during pregnancy. ⋯ In the adjusted model, an increase in density of 1 tobacco store per 10,000 persons was associated with a 10% increase in women who reported smoking during pregnancy (β = 0.10, p = 0.04). In conclusion, tobacco store density and neighborhood socioeconomic factors were associated with prevalence of maternal smoking while pregnant. These findings support the need to further assess and develop interventions to reduce the impact of tobacco store density on smoking behaviors and health risks in communities.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2020
ReviewEconomic evaluations of public health interventions for physical activity and healthy diet: A systematic review.
Physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary habits are associated with an increased disease and economic burden. The aim of this systematic review was to identify economic evaluations of public health interventions targeting physical activity and healthy diet, and assess the quality and transferability of the findings to the Swedish context. A search of published economic evaluations was conducted through electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Databases (NHS EED) and the Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA). ⋯ Only half of the economic evaluations were rated to have a high probability of transferring to the Swedish context. Public health interventions targeting physical activity and dietary habits have a high potential to be cost-effective. However, decision makers should consider the variation in quality and transferability of the available evidence.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2020
Cigarette excise taxes, clean indoor air laws, and use of smoking cessation treatments: A mediation analysis.
The role of smoking cessation treatments in the link between clean indoor air laws and cigarette taxes with smoking cessation is not known. This study examined whether the use of smoking cessation treatments mediates the association between clean indoor air laws and cigarette excise taxes, on the one hand, and recent smoking cessation, on the other hand. Using data on 62,165 adult participants in the 2003 and 2010-2011 Current Population Survey-Tobacco Use Supplement who reported smoking cigarettes in the past year, we employed structural equation models to quantify the degree to which smoking cessation treatments (prescription medications, nicotine replacement therapy, counseling/support groups, quitlines, and internet-based resources) mediate the association between clean indoor air laws, cigarette excise taxes and recent smoking cessation. ⋯ Smoking cessation treatments explained between 29% to 39% of the effect of clean indoor air laws and taxes on recent smoking cessation. While clean indoor air laws remained significantly associated with the recent smoking cessation over the first decade of the 2000s, excise taxes gained a more prominent role in later years of that decade. The influence of these policies was partly mediated through the use of smoking cessation treatments, underscoring the importance of policies that make these treatments more widely available.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2020
The differential impact of nicotine replacement therapy sampling on cessation outcomes across established tobacco disparities groups.
Cigarette smoking is increasingly concentrated among marginalized populations with limited access to evidence-based cessation treatment. This includes racial/ethnic minorities, lower income individuals, those with lower educational attainment, and residents of rural areas. To reach Healthy People 2020 objectives, successful cessation interventions must narrow these disparities. ⋯ Results suggest that NRT sampling may be more effective among some of the most disadvantaged groups of smokers, including smokers with lower income and education, as well those who live in more rural areas. The effects of NRT sampling did not differ by race. In sum, NRT sampling is a low-cost, low-burden intervention that could be disseminated broadly to reach large numbers of smokers and potentially narrow cessation disparities.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2020
Randomized Controlled TrialImpact of sugar taxes and front-of-package nutrition labels on purchases of protein, calcium and fibre.
Taxes and front-of-package (FOP) labels can be effective interventions for reducing consumption of sugar, saturated fat, and sodium; however, few studies have examined their impact on intake of 'positive' nutrients. The current study explored the impact of sugar taxes and FOP labels on the protein, calcium and fibre density of snack food purchases. A total of 3584 Canadians aged 13 years and older participated in an experimental marketplace using a 3 × 8 between-within group experiment. ⋯ The results indicate that participants purchased snack foods with higher fibre density when either sugar tax was applied (+0.1 g/100 kcal) compared to no tax, and when they were assigned to see the multiple traffic light (+0.4 g/100 kcal) or health star rating (+0.3 g/100 kcal) FOP labels, compared to no FOP label. There were no significant differences in the protein or calcium density of snack foods purchased across the tax or FOP labelling conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that as consumers respond to tax or labelling policies by moving away from sugars, sodium, and saturated fat, there may be no downside-or even an increase-in 'positive' nutrient density.