Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2023
Randomized Controlled TrialThe 3-year effects of a personality-targeted prevention program on general and specific dimensions of psychopathology.
This study aimed to examine the effect of a personality-targeted prevention program (Preventure) on trajectories of general and specific dimensions of psychopathology from early- to mid-adolescence. Australian adolescents (N = 2190) from 26 schools participated in a cluster randomized controlled substance use prevention trial. This study compared schools allocated to deliver Preventure (n = 13 schools; n = 466 students; Mage = 13.42 years), a personality-targeted selective intervention, with a control group (n = 7 schools; n = 235 students, Mage = 13.47 years). ⋯ After controlling for effects on general psychopathology, there were no significant, additional effects on the lower order factors. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of a selective personality-targeted intervention in altering trajectories of general psychopathology during adolescence. This finding represents impacts on multiple symptom domains and highlights the potential for general psychopathology as an intervention target.
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2023
Randomized Controlled TrialSocioeconomic differences in expected discomfort from colonoscopy and colon capsule endoscopy.
Individual income and educational level are associated with participation rates in colorectal cancer screening. We aimed to investigate the expected discomfort from the endoscopic diagnostic modalities of colonoscopy and colon capsule endoscopy in different socioeconomic groups as a potential barrier for participation. In a randomized clinical trial within the Danish colorectal cancer screening program, we distributed questionnaires to 2031 individuals between August 2020 and December 2022 to investigate the expected procedural and overall discomfort from investigations using visual analogue scales. ⋯ Bowel preparation contributed most to expected discomfort in colon capsule endoscopy, whereas in colonoscopy, the procedure itself was the largest contributor. Individuals with prior experiences of colonoscopy reported significantly lower expected overall but not procedural discomfort from colonoscopy. The threshold for acceptable discomfort between subgroups is unknown, but the expected discomfort in colon capsule endoscopy and colonoscopy was higher in higher socioeconomic subgroups, suggesting that expected discomfort is not a significant contributor to the inequalities in screening uptake.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2023
Randomized Controlled TrialComplex intervention to promote human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake in school settings: A cluster-randomized trial.
Using a cluster-randomized trial design, we aimed to evaluate a complex intervention to increase uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in schools. The study was undertaken in high schools in Western Australia and South Australia between 2013 and 2015 with adolescents aged 12-13 years. Interventions included education, shared decision-making, and logistical strategies. ⋯ Contact for the HPV.edu study group: Cristyn. Davies@sydney.edu.au or Rachel. Skinner@sydney.edu.au.
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Preventive medicine · May 2023
Randomized Controlled TrialEvaluation of behavioral economic strategies to raise influenza vaccination rates across a health system: Results from a randomized clinical trial.
Influenza vaccination rates are low. Working with a large US health system, we evaluated three health system-wide interventions using the electronic health record's patient portal to improve influenza vaccination rates. We performed a two-arm RCT with a nested factorial design within the treatment arm, randomizing patients to usual-care control (no portal interventions) or to one or more portal interventions. ⋯ After adjusting for age, gender, insurance, race, ethnicity, and prior influenza vaccination, none of the interventions increased vaccination rates. We conclude that patient portal interventions to remind patients to receive influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic did not raise influenza immunization rates. More intensive or tailored interventions are needed beyond portal innovations to increase influenza vaccination.
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2023
Randomized Controlled TrialYouth and adult understanding of public displays of information about harmful constituents in cigarette smoke.
The U. S. FDA is required by law to publicly display a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) "by brand and by quantity in each brand and subbrand" in a format that is "understandable and not misleading to a lay person." An online experiment examined youth and adult understanding of which HPHCs are present in cigarette smoke, understanding of health effects of smoking cigarettes, and endorsement of misleading information after viewing HPHC information displayed in one of six formats. ⋯ Respondents (20.6% to 73.5%) endorsed misleading beliefs after exposure to information about HPHCs. Endorsement of the one misleading belief that was measured pre- and post-exposure significantly increased for viewers of four formats. All formats increased understanding of HPHCs in cigarette smoke and the health effects of smoking cigarettes, but some participants endorsed each misleading belief after exposure to HPHC information.