Annals of nutrition & metabolism
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Sarcopenia is a syndrome in which skeletal muscle reduction is the main manifestation of age-related and/or disease-related malnutrition associated with postoperative complications and mortality. ⋯ Sarcopenia is associated with the total length of hospital stay, postoperative hospital stay, and severe complications in GC patients undergoing gastrectomy. Moreover, SMI may be a more meaningful index than TPI in reducing the rate of misdiagnosis and in predicting adverse perioperative risk. In addition, sarcopenia may cause severe malnutrition and increases perioperative adverse risk. Thus, both sarcopenia and the NRS2002 nutritional score should be assessed during preoperative nutritional screening and evaluation for GC patients.
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Review Practice Guideline
Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Paediatric Age: A Position Paper of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Childhood Obesity Group.
Health risks associated with the high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) include overweight or obesity and their complications such as diabetes, as well as oral and dental decay, among others. ⋯ Consumption of SSB by children and adolescents should be limited, and the consumption of water and other non-sweetened beverages should be promoted. Educational institutions such as nurseries, pre-schools and schools should offer unlimited access to drinking water, whereas the sale of SSBs should be banned.
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Computed tomography (CT)-assessed sarcopenia indexes have been reported to predict postoperative morbidity and mortality; however conclusions drawn from different indexes and studies remain controversial. ⋯ All commonly used CT-assessed sarcopenia indexes, such as SMI, PMI, MA, and IMAC can predict the risk of major postoperative complications; however, a consensus on the cutoffs for these indexes to define sarcopenia is still lacking.
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The worldwide increase in temperature has resulted in a marked increase in heat waves (heat extremes) that carries a markedly increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The kidney has a unique role not only in protecting the host from heat and dehydration but also is an important site of heat-associated disease. Here we review the potential impact of global warming and heat extremes on kidney diseases. ⋯ Heat stress and dehydration also has a role in kidney stone formation, and poor hydration habits may increase the risk for recurrent urinary tract infections. The resultant social and economic consequences include disability and loss of productivity and employment. Given the rise in world temperatures, there is a major need to better understand how heat stress can induce kidney disease, how best to provide adequate hydration, and ways to reduce the negative effects of chronic heat exposure.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder with a high risk of mortality and development of chronic kidney disease. With the validation of the recent classification systems, RIFLE in 2004 and KDIGO, in use today, our understanding of AKI has evolved. We now know that community-acquired AKI is also associated with an increased risk of worse outcomes. ⋯ The second project of the 0 by 25 initiative, the Global AKI Snapshot (GSN) study, provided insights into the recognition, treatment, and outcomes of AKI worldwide [Mehta et al.: Lancet 2016;387:2017-25]. Following the GSN, a Pilot Project was designed to test whether education and a simple protocol-based approach can improve outcomes in patients at risk of community-acquired AKI in low-resource settings [Macedo: J Am Soc Nephrol 2017]. In this review, we will comment on the main findings and lessons learned from the 0 by 25 initiative.